Motivation and Stress in the Workplace an Example of the Topic Career by

Motivation and Stress in the Workplace When one thinks of stress, there is an immediate negative connotation to the word. However, there are select times when stress is seen in another light. To put explain the point, Theodore Roosevelt once said, "Nothing in the world is worth having or worth doing unless it means effort, pain, difficulty" (Quote DB). Though not many realize it, stress may actually be a means of motivation. Need essay sample on "Motivation and Stress in the Workplace" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Frequently Tell Us: Who wants to write assignment for me? Specialists advise: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays! If one is not motivated to perform, it would be fair to assume that one would not produce as much output in either skill or goods, as compared to one who is motivated. There is a certain degree of pressure or stress that would motivate an employee. Three theories may explain motivation, the first being Traditional Theory X, which is mostly attributed to Sigmund Freud and is most commonly known as the "stick and carrot" concept. This concept mostly views people to be motivated by rewards or would like to avoid punishment. Another theory is Theory Y by Douglas McGregor which plays on his belief that a person works for self-improvement and does not rely so much on salary or benefits as one would think (Accel-Team). Last, is Theory Z by Maslow, in which his most well-known work, his hierarchy of needs, is in focus. Maslow's hierarchy of needs plays upon the idea that people are motivated to meet certain needs, and when one is stable for a certain level of needs, one would naturally work out the next level in search of fulfillment (Romando, 2007). With all theories, one thing stays the same - one is pressured to meet a goal, be it for a reward, self-development, or to meet a certain level of needs for fulfillment. When met with stress in work, personally, it is better to stop first, avoid further strain and to try another approach to the situation. In the future, an effective technique may be to consider what the rewards and consequences are in the situation, how the situation would aid in self-development, and consider what needs it would fulfill. References: Accel-Team (n.d.) Employee Motivation: Theory and practice. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/index.html Quote DB (n.d.) Theodore Roosevelt. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/1254 Romando, R. (2007, January 8). Motivation Theory. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Motivation- Theory&id=410700

Ethics of Bottled Water

Ethics of Bottled Water Introduction The manufacture of bottled water began in Europe in the 1970s. This was because tap water was considered unsafe after the industrial revolution. Its market grew rapidly in the1990s when it became a business venture.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers and advertisers promoted it as a symbol of status. Celebrities were seen drinking bottled water during their interviews, concerts, and shows, hence, this further increased its prestige. Moreover, it was used to demonstrate a healthy image. Marketers targeted young people in the gym and sports facilities. Over the years, its consumption has increased making it a household good. It is the fastest selling non- alcoholic beverage according to Doria ( 2006). Different brands have emerged, making its market segment extremely competitive. Similarly, many multinational companies have been created. They extract water from aquifers and springs, package and sell at a competitive price. Some of the leading bottlers include; Fiji Water, Evian, Aquafina, and Dasani among others. The ethics of supplying bottled water have been debated for a long time. Perhaps, this is because water, as a public good has been converted into a private good. Various researchers on the topic, have outlined critical issues facing bottled water. Brei and Bohm (2011) indicate that some communities in the world have no reliable water supply, thus, the consumption of bottled water seems socially unjust. Besides, processing and transporting of bottled water consumes a lot of energy.Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This energy can be used wisely in other fields of development. Also, crude Oil, a health hazard, is used to make the containers used to transport water, hence; this poses a serious health and environmental issue. In addition, the composition of bottled water has been questioned. According to Brooks et al (2009), a brand of the coca-cola company was accused of containing high levels of bromate (2009). Consequently, it was labeled ‘cancer water’ because bromate enhances cancer. Disposing bottled water containers in a sound way poses a challenge. Consumers dispose water containers carelessly. These containers can be found in social areas and other open spaces. On the other hand, bottled water is convenient. It is easy to carry around, and it can be found in almost all the stores. This paper focuses on the ethics of bottled water by evaluating its effect on water supply and the environment. Furthermore, it examines the ethical effects transforming a public-sector good into a private-sector good. Public good Water is a public good. This means that it is nonexclusive. The rivers and lakes are national goods while the municipal water systems are communal-public goods. Private supply of such a good is costly because beneficiaries will have to be excluded from enjoying the good. Excluding individuals requires bottlers to process and package it.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process consumes energy in a world where energy is limited. The bottled water culture has caused increased spending on a commodity that should be provided freely. In the past, utility companies and public agencies controlled the market, presently; multinational corporations have privatized water systems for their own benefits. Bottlers are purchasing rights to groundwater distribution channels (Brei and Bohm, 2011). This action makes water, a basic human right into a private commodity. The public is denied access to clean and safe water. Bottled water shifts the attention of the public from the public systems and municipal treatment pla nts. As a result, the community fails to provide accountability on water issues. In the end, the municipality will have little incentive to improve water infrastructure because they lack support. Consequently, the problem of bottled water will increase because consumers will lose faith in tap water. This problem is made worse when the majority can afford bottled water. In the event that the quality of municipal water decreases, the minority are prone suffer. Cost of Bottled Water Bottled water is expensive to produce. Gleick and Cooley in their article â€Å"Energy Implications of Bottled Water† claim that it requires 2000 times more energy compared to tap water (2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Water bottles are made from a thermoplastic polymer. The material used contains energy, and more energy is used to transform the material into bottles (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Bottled water requires energy to run the machinery and equipments used for processing and packaging. The primary source of bottled water is municipal water or groundwater. Municipal water can either be bottled without further treatment or bottled after further treatment. Further purification of water requires energy (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Besides this, energy is required to transport bottled water and refrigerate it before it is sold. This further depletes the limited fossil fuel available globally. For example, Fiji water supplies millions of bottled water to the United States daily. The cost of transport is reflected in the final cost. According to Gleick and Cooley, production of water bottles consumes over 50 million barrels of oil in a year. This oil is enough to supply the needs of the United State s for almost three days. Apart from the cost of energy, bottled water hinders development, thereby costing the community. In some regions, individuals work in water companies to produce water for other countries. However, in their homes, the water they consume is not clean. For example, Fiji supplies over a million bottles of water to the United States daily. Nevertheless, most people in the Fiji struggle to obtain clean water. Environmental Effects of Bottled Water Bottled water disposal has presented a crucial waste management problem. Thousands of plastic bottles are carelessly disposed by consumers every day. Out of these, a small percentage is recycled while the rest is disposed in landfills. To make it worse, some of these containers end up in rivers, lakes and other water bodies. Water bottles do not attract the deposit for recycling offered to soda and beer bottles (Brooks et al., 2009). Disposal of plastic bottles pollutes the soil because the chemical composition of plasti c takes years to decompose. If these bottles are burnt, the chemicals released into the air cause pollution. Similarly, when exposed to high temperatures, these containers release harmful substances. When these chemicals are released into the ecosystem, they cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments to human beings. Consequently, the chemicals released such as dioxin, contribute to acid rain and global warming. Convenience of Bottled Water Although bottled water poses waste management challenges, it is exceptionally convenient. Distributors view that transporting small bottles are convenient, as opposed to bulk containers. In addition, consumers consider it pure compared to tap water. Tap water may be pure at the water plants, but after passing through distribution pipes, the water becomes contaminated. Besides, tap water is associated with bad taste and odor (Doria, 2006). Doria in his article â€Å"Bottled Water Versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferenc es† asserts that consumers prefer bottled water because of its ‘organoleptic’ characteristics (2006). Consumers also consider the fact that if contamination is discovered; the bottler will act more efficiently than the government in neutralizing the problem. Purity and contamination are not the only convenient facts about bottled water. Doria (2006) notes bottled water saves time and energy. Buying water indicates that consumers have less time to fill their own containers (Brei and Bohm, 2011). The availability of bottled water allows consumers to buy water when they need it. It saves them from carrying a container of water everywhere. Moreover, the consumer can dispose the container after consuming the water. Solutions to Bottled Water Problems The cost of bottled water, by a larger degree outweighs its benefits making it a problem. Bottlers and producers of bottled water do not consider the cost of disposing the containers. This means that the taxpayer has to co ver these costs (Brei and Bohm, 2011). One solution to this problem is to order the bottlers to pay for the cost of disposal. Given that pollution taxes will reflect on the consumer price, the price of bottled water will increase while the demand decrease. With less people buying bottled water, the environmental effect will reduce. Secondly, water containers can be washed and re-used again to ease pollution. Thirdly, bottlers can use local facilities for production instead of transporting water from far- away locations. This will reduce the price of bottled water and the amount of energy used for transportation. As a public good, government and local institutions can deal with bottled water by defining limits between what is viewed as public or private. This means that companies will no longer have to extract water from springs or aquifers and sell. In addition, the government should set sanctions for companies which violate these rules (Brei and Bohm, 2011). For this to work, the g overnment needs the cooperation and participation of the public. However, rather than trying to reduce the problem of bottled water, public water should be made clean. The government and policy makers should replace old pipes and modernize public water plants. This will ensure consumers drink clean, affordable water. If tap water is safe, then bottled water will only be a luxury. Conclusion Bottled water may be cheap and convenient, but in the long run, it has a high environmental cost. Its consumption of energy is 2000 times that of tap water. Moreover, its disposal causes water, soil, and water pollution. Plastic containers end up in landfills where the bottles take up space, since the material used for their production is not biodegradable. However, despite its energy and environmental implications, bottled water is seen as socially unethical. This is because bottled water turns a public good into a private commodity. As a social good, water should be available to everyone instea d of being sold at high prices. The other reason that makes bottled water unethical is when it is sold to communities who lack a dependable source of water. For example, some communities in Africa face famine yet water are sold in other regions of the same country. In my opinion, it is wrong to sell water while people are drying. It is also unethical to sell water because it is a human right and not a good sold to individuals who have the money to buy it. The assumption that bottled water is purer is not necessarily true. According to Doria (2006), this assumption should not be generalized because it depends on salient cases. For this reason, tap water is socially, environmentally and morally ethical as opposed to bottled water. References List Brei, V., Bohm, S. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as cultural meaning management: A Critique of the Marketing of ethical Bottled Water. Business Ethics: A European Review, 20 (3), 233-252. Doi: 10.1111/j. 1467-8608.2011.01626. x Bro oks, B. W., Cox, S. M., Anderson, S. (2009). Cancer Water. Journal of Critical Incidents, 230-37. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/?interaction_required=true Doria, M. (2006). Bottled Water versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferences. Journal of Water and Health, 271-276. Retrieved from https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/4/2/271/1581/Bottled-water-versus-tap-water-understanding?searchresult=1 Gleick, P. Cooley, H. (2009). Energy Implications of Bottled Water. Environmental Research Letter, (8). doi :10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009

CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Example The consultant’s main role is to analyze the factors that can impact the business activities of the company and recommend an appropriate strategy that will be aligned with the corporation’s primary objectives. The UK apparel and textile industry is undergoing drastic changes to provide favorable conditions to the players of the sector (â€Å"Textile Industry†, 2010). In UK, the textile industry is among the major contributors in its economic growth and it employs more than 340,000 people (Macbeth & Miln, 2012). It has been reported by Rogers (2012) that Gross Value Added (GVA) of UK textile sector is about 11.5 billion pounds and clothing manufacture, textile manufacture, dry-cleaning and footwear services are worth one billion pound within the sector (Begum, 2012). As the barriers for trade have been reduced along with decline in transportation cost, the manufacturing plants are shifted to lower cost areas such as China and India (â€Å"Textile and Apparel Compendium†, 2012). In the UK textile sector, there has been a sharp decline in the domestic manufacturing of goods as majority of the textile companies have moved to offshore destinations. Despite the relocation of these plants, the sales and design capacity of the sector has remained constant (Rogers, 2012). The foremost reasons for the surging demand of UK based textiles is that the apparel is manufactured with strong emphasis on high value products that allow the customers to get their goods designed in a customized way (Norris, 2012). As a result of the Industrial Revolution in the global textile industry, the Techtextil has become the latest norm in the textile sector. It encompasses a wide variety of taxonomy that is utilized by all the players operating within the industry (Goworek, 2010). In order to address the key challenge faced by the company, it has become imperative to analyze the alternatives that can be

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

History - Essay Example Not only children but one Rural Supervisor of School has also informed the First Lady regarding the poor condition of the clothes of the students. The children who wrote to Mrs. Roosevelt as a last resort to their chilled penury came from different states of USA and most are minor. A gender bias among the letter senders can be easily seen considering the fact that most of the letter senders were female. However, boys or girls all of them were under severe economic pressure. The social and economic condition of the letter senders can not be judged easily as it seems from the letters that they are educated human being but financial pressure has turned them almost into beggar. In broad terms they comes from an educated social background but financially eroded through the Great depression. Where they have no way but to loss their self esteem and surrender to someone whom they consider as the supreme authority. Some of them were bereft of any suitable dress or coat so that they could atte nd the school and carry on their studies. in one of the letters to Mrs. Roosevelt, Miss L.H. wrote, â€Å"I have to stay out of school because I have no books or clothes to ware.† (Dear Mrs. ... pocket money how meagre it might be to send these letters to the President’s wife, either for school dress or for Easter clothes; in any case it does not seem that these letters manage to invoke any positive respond from the First Lady. In one of the requests for clothes, Miss M.I. wrote â€Å"How honored I would feel to be wearing your clothes.† (Dear Mrs. Roosevelt) Apart from clothes, many children begged for money as well. The need for such money was diversifies, starting from need for medication and a visit to a doctor to be ailed from a grave disease to make ones way to Hollywood where she can act and earn some money. As mentioned earlier clothes kept an important issue regarding carrying on education, similarly direct begging of money was often connected to carrying on studies. However paying of pending bills was another issue for what financial help for the first lady was sought for. Asking for a bicycle might sound weird in this dire situation; however example of such thing does exist through the letters to the First lady. The purpose behind such an application was profoundly for going to school which are in most cases far from home. Often the concerned students got tired after a tedious job at their household and that also compelled them to make a claim for bicycle to the first lady. Ironically even at this point some people had managed to write for some luxury item at least considering the situation at that time to the First lady. Christmas presents, dolls, football shoes and radios are the most common luxury items that get revealed from the letters. The striking matter is that the way First Lady or her secretary had answered those letters or better be called pleas. None of the letters received a positive reply and always got answered by the secretary of

Types of Business Loan Business Loan Definitions

Types of Business Loan Business Loan Definitions In this research of this report am trying to find the different loan options that available to small and medium businesses from banks or other financial institutions. The research it will open the window on the different terms of loans i.e. short term, medium term and long term and it is up to the businesses to decide which is the most affective for the business. Also In this research will going to look at the loan types with details, the eligibility requirement and the application process for each with supporting information and documents will be provided for each loan. A loan can be defined as: An amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank and it has to be paid back with an interest. (Press, 2017) There is two main forms in this research: The banks were visited and the online web researches. Bank of Ireland, AIB and Credit Union which were visited to collect some leaflet relating to the types of loan research. Online Web searches related to the subject within Republic of Ireland. Businesses loans are a sort of finance and are classified as a short term, Medium term, and long term. In this research will give some examples of uses for each loan type. Short term Money that is lent for a short time, usually less than one year. Short term loans assist businesses that their businesses is seasoned like retail businesses and businesses who like to build up inventory. Short terms are to raise working capital to cover temporary deficiencies in funds so you can meet your expenses. Medium Term A loan that must be paid back between two t ten years after the money is borrowed Term Loan usually designed to finance the purchase of fixed assets. It is also a method of paying for equipment in instalments. Long term A loan that is to be paid back over a period of time between three and ten years and sometimes for as long as twenty years. Term Long loan is usually for investments .Loan instalment and mortgage payments made with 12 month count as current liability and the outstanding debt or mortgage beyond 12 months is long-term liability.   Bank overdraft are a short term financial institution allowing businesses to issue cheques or make withdrawals on their current account, up to a specified amount. Interest is charged on daily basis on the amount of the overdraft used. Mostly, overdrafts are used by a business in managing its working Capital. Eligibility Flexible repayment Business loans tailored to your cash flow. Borrow up to 100.000 per annum. Application Process Applying could be online by completing an application form available. later will be a meeting from the bank with a loan-adviser to discuss your business requirement and if there Also you will required to with any other additional documentation in order to process your request. You can apply over the phone Business loans eligible for Business customers who are based in the Republic of Ireland and over 18s. This type of finance used to fund a wide range of moveable businesses and equipment, from machinery to transport vehicles. The bank buys the asset and leases it to the businesses by lease agreement that gives the business the use of assets for a time (3-5) years, in return for payment monthly to the bank. At the end of the lease by paying an annual rental to the bank, it can trade the asset in, or the asset may be bought outright. 2 types of business plan with the interest rate, Tax deductible and Vat reclaim. Offered by A I B. Eligibility Minimum advance à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬30.000 Maximum à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬150.000. Minimum term 10 years, Maximum term 15 years. Security required loan must secured by first charge on appropriate legal instrument. Loan Insurance is mandatory and is paid by member s. 6.50% current variable rate, Annual by 6.7%. Application Process Arrange a meeting with your at the department of loans manager. Complete the Application form in full. Gather any additional supporting documents or information that maybe required by the bank. And will be informed by the bank if any additional requirements wanted. Business loans eligible for Business customers who are based in the Republic of Ireland and over 18s. Although there are many types of loans available for businesses requirements and they are available and facilitated by the financial institutions. The conclusion is that businesses should be aware of what type of businesses is affordable depending on the capacity of business. Those financial institutions or the banks will be required to advance loans after center conditions set out in the agreement have been satisfied. Repayment of loans depends on sources that can generate cash during in a single operation cycle. Finally, the most important consideration, however the ability of the businesses to repay the amount of loans. References Allied Irish Bank PLC. (2017, January 20). Business.aib.ie. Retrieved from https://business.aib.ie/products/finance-and-loans/asset-finance Bank of Ireland. (2017, January 20). Buisness Loans Loans Bank of Ireland. Retrieved from https://businessbanking.bankofireland.com/credit/business-loans/small-business-loan/features-and-benefits/ Bank of Ireland. (2017, January 20). Small Business Loan Application Bank of Ireland Forms. Retrieved from https://form.bankofireland.com/small-business-loan-application/?facility=Loan Class Handout and Booklet. (n.d.). Douglas, A. (2003). Business Administration. Dublin: Gill Macmillian. Press, C. U. (2017, January 19). dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved from dictionary.cambridge.org: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/loan

Merck’s Risky Bet on Research

While Kenneth Frazier worked liability suits for Merck, he caught the company’s attention and they hired him in 1992. By 1999 Frazier was appointed Merck’s general counsel. Merck saw that Frazier had several good personality traits and values that would benefit their organization. Kenneth Frazier is a very hard-working man and has been taught not to fail and to push himself to excellence. Frazier has always pushed himself to always do better, he has never just settled. Frazier likes to take risks to see how far he can push himself and to see what he can accomplish. Frazier has a very high self-esteem and a need for achievement. Under the five big personality traits, Frazier best fits under openness to experience. He is willing to take risks and is daring and open minded. I believe one of the most important terminal values to Frazier is a sense of accomplishment. Even though, there are several terminal values that I believe are important to Frazier, I feel this is the most important. Frazier lost his mother at a very young age and was raised by his hard-working father. His father taught him to work equally as hard and to always strive for excellence. Frazier believes that at work he should never back down and always strive for more, and that you must work hard to accomplish everything you want. This especially showed when Merck found their drug Vioxx was doubling the risk of heart attach and strokes and Frazier fought each case instead of taking the easy way out and negotiating settlements. Frazier won 11 of the 16 cases. Frazier was determined to win and he did. Frazier gets pleasure from achieving his goals and enjoys the social recognition that he gets by winning his cases. Instrumental values are just as important as terminal values. The most instrumental value that stands out in Frazier is his ambition. Frazier is not only hard working but understands what it takes to achieve his goals. A few of the other instrumental values that I feel are important to Frazier are being responsible, polite, and daring. Working as a litigator or in management you will not always be liked. At times people will go against you and not agree with what you are doing. Frazier is daring as he goes against others but when he must go against others he does it respectfully and politely so he can get others to take his side and agree with him. Frazier has some very important personality traits that will help him influence Merck’s culture in his role as CEO. Frazier’s openness to experience gives him the ability to have an open mind and the ability to take risk that will allow him to move the company forward. Frazier also has the ability as CEO to mentor other managers to achieve the company’s goals. After watching Frazier handle some of Merck’s liability suites, the company decided that Frazier would be a valuable asset. Merck could see that Frazier had some very important personality traits that could benefit their company.

Othello – Consider the significance of Act 3 Scene 3 to the play as a whole

What impressions does this episode make on the audience and by what means? How does Shakespeare prepare the audience to find this episode believable? Othello was written by Shakespeare around 1602 and was set 35 years previously to that time (around 1571) during the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare got the idea for the play from the Italian Novella ‘Gli Hecatommithi' and only changed minor details slightly. He kept the same plot but some of the characters and themes in the play were very different. The play itself is a tragedy and includes the things that Aristotle defined as what a tragedy should include. Firstly, a protagonist, this is Othello. He is the protagonist as the play shows the story of his fall from a place of eminence as is required in all tragedies according to Aristotle. Othello is a tragic hero in that he portrays a man with much greatness. Othello also has many weaknesses. In order to really understand the character of Othello, we have to understand him as a tragic hero with greatness and weakness. At the beginning of the play his life is in order, as he was married to the beautiful Desdemona, the younger daughter of a well-respected Senator, Brabantio. However, Othello is a Moor, and their marriage was frowned upon. In the play Othello is seen as a ‘moor' therefore an outsider, he has to try to come to terms with Venetian rules. His fatal flaw is his jealousy, which is set off by Iago, the villain of the play. This noble man meets with tragedy by falling to Iago's temptations and believing that his wife is unfaithful to him. This is because Iago is the antagonist in the story, also a vital part to a tragedy. He plays on Othello's weakness, bringing out his fatal flaw of jealousy and making him believe that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair. During the course of the play, Iago kills Roderigo and Emilia, his wife; and he stabs Cassio, wounding his leg. His manipulation leads to the deaths of Desdemona and Othello. In the play there is physical movement of the characters from Venice to Cyprus, which helps towards the insecurities of Othello developing further. Venice was where the love between Desdemona and Othello developed and therefore gives the relationship a sense of security. In Venice any problems there is order and control and any problems are dealt with swiftly and even though Othello is still an outsider he is valuable to them. However, the move to Cyprus makes Othello vulnerable in that he is no longer valued and is being moved away from what he knows – into the unknown, which makes it easier for Iago to play on Othello's insecurities as they are more susceptible to attack. Before they move there is a storm, which relates to the turbulence to Othello's life that will be brought with the move. The scene I am focusing on is Act 3 Scene 3; this is the longest and most dramatic scene in the play. It is the climatic turning point of the play and is significant in that it is the first time Iago really begins to take hold of Othello, to manipulate him and make him lose his trust in Cassio and Desdemona. A key event in this scene is when Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† As this is the beginning of Iago's manipulation over Othello making Othello curious as to what Iago means and therefore making sure Iago has Othello's attention. Iago plays on Othello's insecurities here and makes Cassio's exit seem guilty. In this scene one of the most noticeable changes is that of Othello's language. Prior to this scene Othello's language is gracious and noble, though he claims it is not we can see clearly that it is, for example when he says he does not just lust after Desdemona â€Å"To please the palate of my appetite, nor to comply with heat the young affects In my distinct and proper satisfaction, But to be free and bounteous to her mind† At the beginning of the scene his language is still gracious and he is still free of Iago. He says â€Å"sweet Desdemon† which is the last time he shows his affection to her as Iago gets his hold over him soon after this. However, during Act 3 Scene 3 his language begins to change, it becomes more suspicious and begins to resemble Iago's language as he begins to use imagery. He also begins to curse as Iago has done previously, Othello damns Desdemona to hell, all this shows the hold Iago has over Othello and how he has already been able to influence him. He is doing this by using Othello's insecurities to get to him, as he is a ‘moor' (is black) he has already felt like an outsider and this also allows Iago to be able to get to him. Othello says, â€Å"Thou echoest me, as if there was some monster in thy thought too hideous to be shown† this simile shows that Iago's insinuations are beginning to affect Othello. This is an example of Othello's dramatic language and the use of different literary devices. However previously in the play he claims to lack gracious speech â€Å"Rude am I in my speech† but proves himself to have the most exquisite and gracious use of language of all the characters, but this is all before Act 3 Scene 3. During and after this scene, his previously emotive and strong language becomes more fragmented as he becomes more consumed with his jealousy and has aggressive outbursts such as â€Å"Damn her, Lewd minx! † which completely contrasts with the language he would have used before this scene and shows how he has changed and the beginning of his downfall. He becomes very nearly unable to make full sentences â€Å"Noses, ears, lips. Is't possible? Confess! Handkerchief! O devil! † showing his upset and extreme anger. Othello himself hates chaos and disorder but in this scene we begin to see language becoming much more chaotic and losing its order. This shows the previous scene to be ironic as it shows Othello checking the battlements, which is his public life, though it is his private life that is actually in danger. Also in Act 3 Scene 2 it shows Iago helping to check the battlements, which again is ironic as Iago is the one trying to break down his defences in his private life. His language continues in this chaotic and fragmented structure until he kills Desdemona and realises his error. After this, both his character and his language are restored to their former selves. Iago also uses interesting language in the play, however throughout his language is of a manipulative manner and does not change much throughout the play, one of his main types of manipulative language is imagery, for example â€Å"it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on†. The green eyed monster symbolising jealousy and helping to implant ideas in Othello's mind about Desdemona having an affair, it is also ironic in that Iago is inferring that Othello is being deceived by Desdemona when it is actually Iago that is deceiving him. In his deception of Othello, Iago also influences his language and Othello begins to use imagery too, this shows the effect of Iago is actually having on Othello and how successful he is. Iago manages to successfully manipulate Othello and gets a persuasive effect by manufacturing expressions. Iago manages to stay in control of his language throughout the play and uses anti-heroic language, which is the complete opposite of Othello. Iago speaks plainly and directly, always being very self-assured. Iago's manipulation must have been done for a reason and there are many possible interpretations of Iago's motivation. One of these interpretations is that Iago is gay. This would explain why he wanted to trick Othello, if he was attracted to him. This may mean that Iago wanted Desdemona out of the way because he was jealous. However another reason may be that he is attracted to Desdemona. This would explain when Iago says â€Å"My friend is dead; ‘Tis done at your request. But let her live† This is either Iago actually attempting to stop Othello from killing Desdemona, however he could also have said this to plant the idea of killing her in his head. Iago also says â€Å"Now, I do love her too† in Act 2 Scene 1 which shows that it is possible that he has fallen in love with Desdemona, though he could be saying this because she is aiding him with Othello's demise. If Iago did feel strongly about her, again his jealousy could take over and cause him to manipulate Othello. His jealousy of them and their relationship is likely to have played a big part in his motivation, whatever it may be. Even though these are all possible motivations, Iago uses the excuse that it is because Othello gave a better job to Cassio and he wants revenge. A reason that I consider more likely is that Iago is racist and, like Othello, doesn't like to see people who he believes are inferior to him tainting his superiority. So therefore it angers him to see Othello, a moor, an outsider and inferior to him, having an important job and having a beautiful white wife and thus has a higher social standing than him. Basically, this interpretation boils down to Iago's pride getting the better of him and him being able to manipulate the other characters makes him feel superior. In the play Shakespeare uses many dramatic devices in order to forward the story of the play. Women in the play have been used, such as Bianca, both to help Iago in his manipulation and move the play forwards. Bianca is used purely as a dramatic device, being used in Iago's manipulation and being used by Cassio too. Emilia is also used as a dramatic device in that she has split loyalty and allows herself to be controlled by Iago to get love from him and unknowingly helps Iago and betrays Desdemona. Desdemona however is much less impressionable; she is more strong willed and emotional. Her loyalties are not split, as she is loyal to Othello but is unknowingly used to further Iago's plot for revenge. The handkerchief is a very significant dramatic device as it is used to further Iago's plot and finally sending Othello over the edge. This handkerchief links all the women together and is a very meaningful symbol. The colour of the handkerchief is important. The white of the handkerchief could symbolise innocence and purity with the red of the handkerchief symbolising blood. This could also be blood on the wedding night, which shows the strong bond that they have, but when the handkerchief is lost then the bond between the two of them is also broken allowing Iago's plan to end successfully. However the red on the handkerchief that may symbolise blood, could also be carried on to symbolise death, which is foreshadowing the end of the play. We can believe that Act 3 Scene 3 could have actually taken place for many reasons. Firstly we must consider ‘honest' Iago's status. Iago has been put in a job in which he has to be near Othello and is considered a friend by him. Iago is very trusted by all the characters that he is able to use in his plot, therefore making it much easier for himself, often being referred to as ‘honest Iago'. Iago also has very strong persuasive techniques and is very skilled with them, allowing him to use skills language such as imagery to his advantage. Along with this, in true tragedy style, Othello has flaws, as does any protagonist in a tragedy. He is flawed in that he takes people at face value and is extremely trusting. This flaw allows Iago to manipulate and persuade him round to whatever Iago wants him to think. In this scene it is easy to see that Iago has a huge hold over Othello already. This is because Othello takes Iago at face value and believes him to be an honest man, also because the problems Iago is inferring are all part of his insecurities. He was already insecure as he was an outsider as a moor but in Venice he was needed so had some security as this was also where his and Desdemona's love developed. This meant he had a sense of security in both his public and private life. However the move to Cyprus and into the unknown made him even less secure making him believe anything without asking about it and even the slightest evidence seems like solid proof to him. This is believable because the language change has showed us that he is insecure. This brings the play to a tragic close filled with death and realisation and shows the scene to be believable.